Madd— elongation of a vowel for 2, 4, or 6 counts.
Ghunnah— nasal sound held on shaddah ن or م for ~2 counts.
Qalqalah— a light bouncing echo on ق ط ب ج د when at rest.
Idgham— merging noon-sakinah / tanween into the next letter.
Ikhfa— hiding the noon sound with a soft nasal whisper.
Visual learning aid — for full Tajweed, study with a qualified teacher.